At my previous carrier I got hosed because of an ASAP report that I filed. I got pegged for a line check... thought it was routine, I had been on the plane for six months, early line check not COMPLETELY unheard of. Went to work, three legs, oral questioning on every leg on the subjects reported in the ASAP report... until finally the checkairman fessed up. Told me that he was told to check me because of 'some report' i had filed. Company thought I didn't know what I was doing and decided that I might need retraining.
Fine, but there are two very valid points that I left out. The ASAP was filed about mistakes my FO made (yes I know I am ultimately responsible, that's why I filed an ASAP to cover my butt rather than narc to my Chief about my FO's lack of a clue). But perhaps the biggest problem was the ASAP committee hadn't met yet at the time of my line check... it was scheduled for the next day, which it was decided that no action would be taken.
Some idiot in the chain read the report and took it upon himself to take action on me, on things he didn't understand (not a pilot) within a program that he also didn't understand. He reported to the system Chief Pilot, who told the program manager, who told the lady who scheduled line checks, who then told both scheduling AND the check airman "what I had done and what I didn't know". How was that supposed to be confidential?
Moral to the story, if you think it may save your butt, think about filing... don't just do it as a matter of course like so many pilots do... the less 'paper' the better. It's not confidential, not when people are involved.
From what I have learned most carriers go through incidents like this when the program is first implemented. Mine did. The union's grievance committee was all over it. The CP's office, and in some cases the FAA's representative, have a hard time giving up their old ways of thinking. Once management and your local FAA office learn a new way of thinking it is a great program. Out of the reports submitted at our carrier our POI finally realized many 'pilot errors' were not pilot errors at all. Which is one reason management is very uncomfortable with the program.
As another poster noted, if you intentionally violate SOP or disegard regs ASAP will not help you. Your report will not be accepted and the Company will be free to pursue action against you if they can collect information from other sources.