This is a rare case indeed. Avbug is completely wrong on this point. The report itself is both protected by law and 'de-identified' by NASA to ensure that it is not physically possible to link a strip with the body of a report.
Wrong. The report is protected only when it hasn't been deliberate or involved an illegal act, and it's protected only insofar as when it's executed under the proper circumstances. The submitter is not offered such protection when the nature and circumstances in the report fall outside the guidelines of the program. Neither is a pilot's identity hidden when he elects to reveal it.
I believe Babushka was all a quiver recently in excitement at the idea that the confidentiality of the program had been breached when the full ASRS report appeared in print in USA today...except that the submitter had provided the report...Babushka was going to fill us in, but didn't...perhaps she can finish the story now.
If one has committed a deliberate act and files the report, it isn't protected. While the report itself is sanitized by NASA before being entered into the database, the report can certainly be located if necessary. If the act is deliberate, the protections of the program do not apply, and it's fair game. In all cases the identification strip is fair game, regardless of the circumstances in the body of the report. A pilot who files a report will do well to determine in advance if he is protected, before revealing that he has filed the report.
The FAA covenants not to pursue action based on acts discovered from the report. If the FAA discovers the nature of the offense from another source, the FAA may proceed with that information. If the act in the report isn't protected by the program, and the FAA learns of the act via the report (such as the pilot foolishly tells the FAA about it, provides the information, and helps them locate the report), then the information in the body of the report may be used against the pilot.
Committing a deliberate act or a criminal act, filing an ASRS report, then revealing the fact is an unwise thing to do, because one has no covenant.