The Secret To Southwest's Success
Lisa DiCarlo, 04.18.02, 1:57 PM ET
NEW YORK - The secret to the success of Southwest Airlines is not rocket science: low costs attributable to no-frills point-to-point routes and aircraft efficiency. But the largest advantage the airline has over its competitors is that it is the only major carrier that does not belong to a national pilots union.
Southwest (nyse: LUV - news - people ) today reported that first quarter earnings dropped 82%, but it still managed to turn in a profit of $21.4 million on sales of $1.2 billion. Meanwhile, its larger competitors reported hundreds of millions of dollars in losses--each--and they don't expect a profit in the second quarter.
Labor represents the largest expense for all airlines, even the small regionals. But for some carriers, it makes up a crushing 40% of costs. The average is 37%, according to the Air Transport Association. Southwest's pilots are independently unionized, and while its overall labor costs are just slightly below average, they are more efficient because they fly far more hours than those at other airlines. National union rules limit the number of hours pilots can fly.
That means that even if Southwest pilots made the same salary as, say, United Airlines (nyse: UAL - news - people ) pilots, the airline would still be better off because planes would be flying paying passengers instead of sitting idle. Other workers at Southwest are nationally unionized. For example, its mechanics are members of the Teamsters.
At JetBlue Airways (nasdaq: JBLU - news - people ), which last week had a spectacular public offering and whose pilots are not unionized at all, its labor costs are about 29%. In a filing with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, JetBlue cited the possibility of unionization as a risk factor to its business, saying "unproductive work rules" could raise costs and could potentially result in work slowdowns or stoppages in the event of a strike.
Running a profitable airline is very difficult because the fixed costs are so high. But there is little airlines can do about the cost of fuel, landing fees or insurance. The big fish is controlling labor expenses, and experts say that companies must reduce costs or get better efficiency (i.e. more working hours) out of pilots.
"The airlines need to cut 20% of costs to restore profit, and if you don't touch labor it's impossible to see clear the way they will do that," says Michael Dyment, managing director of the airline practice at Arthur Andersen.