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Dallas' Southwest Airlines slaps chain on '09 growth
12:00 AM CST on Sunday, March 1, 2009
By TERRY MAXON [email protected]
Through wars and recessions, one thing has been constant: Southwest Airlines Co. has kept growing.
From its first three airplanes in 1971, Southwest expanded to 537 aircraft at the end of last year. It's grown consistently from serving three Texas cities to having a predominant position in many U.S. markets.
But in an unusual step, Southwest has put the brakes like never before.
Consider this:
• When the Kuwait crisis and economic slump forced other airlines into bankruptcy in the early 1990s, Southwest went shopping for more airplanes.
• As industry giants began buying up California carriers in the 1980s, Southwest took them on. Through aggressive expansion, it ran off the larger competitors to become that state's No. 1 intrastate carrier in less than a decade.
• When terrorists attacked U.S. soil in 2001, Southwest briefly paused, but quickly took off again, even as competitors were retrenching. Its fleet grew 51 percent in the six years ended Dec. 31, 2007.
But for the first time, really since it had to sell one of its four airplanes in 1972, Southwest has determinedly put the brakes on its expansion plans.
It plans to shrink its flying capacity 4 percent in 2009, and, in the face of the worst economic downturn in its history, the Dallas-based carrier really can't tell when it might grow again.
"We want to grow," Southwest chairman and chief executive Gary Kelly stresses. However, he adds, "I've purposely tried to message to all our constituents that our growth is on hold until we decide to grow again."
Now isn't the time for expansion, not with the economy in bad straits. Southwest plans a net reduction of two airplanes in its fleet this year.
It will offset the 10 airplanes scheduled for delivery this year by removing 12 others from the fleet.
Southwest has 13 airplanes on order for 2010 delivery, but it could choose to ground older airplanes as it did in 2008 and 2009 to offset some or all of the 2010 arrivals
Prudence
Southwest is far from alone in its caution. Most U.S. airlines have reduced their flying, particularly on domestic routes, and have said they're considering another round of reductions if the economy continues its decline.
As such, Kelly's steps are prudent, analysts say.
"Right now, he's doing the smart thing – constraining capacity, waiting to see what happens," University of Portland finance professor Rich Gritta said. "I honestly believe this recession is deeper and is going to last longer than the press is putting on."
"In this economy, I don't think there are any growth companies," said airline management consultant Frank Werner, an associate professor of finance at Fordham University.
Werner said that Southwest has to do what any company must do as it "switches over from increasing their size to surviving, to managing cash flow, so you don't go bankrupt, so you don't crash-land in this industry.
"That's going to be the nature of every airline, be they growing or not, for the next year and maybe longer than that."
Size a factor
Without the deep recession, Southwest would have slowed its growth anyway simply because of its size, Werner said.
He cited one of his Harvard University professors in the mid-1960s who asked his class to calculate how big IBM Corp., a fast-growing company at the time, would be by the end of the 20th century if it continued growing at a 16 percent annual rate.
Assuming the gross national product grew at an average of 3 percent during the same period, IBM's revenue by the end of the century would have been bigger than the GNP, Werner said.
"Companies that are growth companies don't stay growth companies forever. There's a natural transition that takes place where growth opportunities simply slow down," he said.
Growing companies such as Southwest eventually find that they must slow down their rate of expansion as their opportunities to grow become harder to find.
Southwest is moving toward a mature business seeking to hold onto market share, perhaps growing in the future through acquisitions or entering international markets, Werner said.
"Southwest is starting to reach that point."
Industry consultant Stuart Klaskin said downturns like the current one can give Southwest a chance to maintain what it has, prepare for an upswing and prune things that it shouldn't be doing, such as its selective culling of poor-performing flights.
"It's much easier to get rid of some of these routes that historically may have been adequate," Klaskin said. "The pressure's not there when things are going great."
Jobs preserved
Lack of growth means Southwest has to adjust internally, Kelly said. It's reducing the number of recruiters and trainers, and it won't be having as many new-employee parties.
Although employees would rather see Southwest Airlines growing, they can also get some comfort that they're working for a company that isn't in financial trouble.
"The recognition that we're not growing right now is in that mix. But everybody's been hurt in this downturn. People have lost value in their homes, in their investments," Kelly said.
"So actually on balance, being part of Southwest Airlines is a very positive thing in people's lives because we have preserved jobs. We've preserved pay. We're going to talk about pay increases for our employees. We haven't cut health benefits, haven't cut retirement," he said.
"I think that more than overcomes the psychic effect of wanting to grow and not being able to grow."
Avondale Partners analyst Bob McAdoo said the airline has to be aware of morale issues that can develop as employees are unable to move up the ladder as quickly, particularly among pilots who are waiting for that big bump in pay as they move from first officer to captain.
"When the company isn't growing, then the guys on the second half of the seniority roster are having to wait for older people to retire before they have a chance to move up to captain," he said.
12:00 AM CST on Sunday, March 1, 2009
By TERRY MAXON [email protected]
Through wars and recessions, one thing has been constant: Southwest Airlines Co. has kept growing.
From its first three airplanes in 1971, Southwest expanded to 537 aircraft at the end of last year. It's grown consistently from serving three Texas cities to having a predominant position in many U.S. markets.
But in an unusual step, Southwest has put the brakes like never before.
Consider this:
• When the Kuwait crisis and economic slump forced other airlines into bankruptcy in the early 1990s, Southwest went shopping for more airplanes.
• As industry giants began buying up California carriers in the 1980s, Southwest took them on. Through aggressive expansion, it ran off the larger competitors to become that state's No. 1 intrastate carrier in less than a decade.
• When terrorists attacked U.S. soil in 2001, Southwest briefly paused, but quickly took off again, even as competitors were retrenching. Its fleet grew 51 percent in the six years ended Dec. 31, 2007.
But for the first time, really since it had to sell one of its four airplanes in 1972, Southwest has determinedly put the brakes on its expansion plans.
It plans to shrink its flying capacity 4 percent in 2009, and, in the face of the worst economic downturn in its history, the Dallas-based carrier really can't tell when it might grow again.
"We want to grow," Southwest chairman and chief executive Gary Kelly stresses. However, he adds, "I've purposely tried to message to all our constituents that our growth is on hold until we decide to grow again."
Now isn't the time for expansion, not with the economy in bad straits. Southwest plans a net reduction of two airplanes in its fleet this year.
It will offset the 10 airplanes scheduled for delivery this year by removing 12 others from the fleet.
Southwest has 13 airplanes on order for 2010 delivery, but it could choose to ground older airplanes as it did in 2008 and 2009 to offset some or all of the 2010 arrivals
Prudence
Southwest is far from alone in its caution. Most U.S. airlines have reduced their flying, particularly on domestic routes, and have said they're considering another round of reductions if the economy continues its decline.
As such, Kelly's steps are prudent, analysts say.
"Right now, he's doing the smart thing – constraining capacity, waiting to see what happens," University of Portland finance professor Rich Gritta said. "I honestly believe this recession is deeper and is going to last longer than the press is putting on."
"In this economy, I don't think there are any growth companies," said airline management consultant Frank Werner, an associate professor of finance at Fordham University.
Werner said that Southwest has to do what any company must do as it "switches over from increasing their size to surviving, to managing cash flow, so you don't go bankrupt, so you don't crash-land in this industry.
"That's going to be the nature of every airline, be they growing or not, for the next year and maybe longer than that."
Size a factor
Without the deep recession, Southwest would have slowed its growth anyway simply because of its size, Werner said.
He cited one of his Harvard University professors in the mid-1960s who asked his class to calculate how big IBM Corp., a fast-growing company at the time, would be by the end of the 20th century if it continued growing at a 16 percent annual rate.
Assuming the gross national product grew at an average of 3 percent during the same period, IBM's revenue by the end of the century would have been bigger than the GNP, Werner said.
"Companies that are growth companies don't stay growth companies forever. There's a natural transition that takes place where growth opportunities simply slow down," he said.
Growing companies such as Southwest eventually find that they must slow down their rate of expansion as their opportunities to grow become harder to find.
Southwest is moving toward a mature business seeking to hold onto market share, perhaps growing in the future through acquisitions or entering international markets, Werner said.
"Southwest is starting to reach that point."
Industry consultant Stuart Klaskin said downturns like the current one can give Southwest a chance to maintain what it has, prepare for an upswing and prune things that it shouldn't be doing, such as its selective culling of poor-performing flights.
"It's much easier to get rid of some of these routes that historically may have been adequate," Klaskin said. "The pressure's not there when things are going great."
Jobs preserved
Lack of growth means Southwest has to adjust internally, Kelly said. It's reducing the number of recruiters and trainers, and it won't be having as many new-employee parties.
Although employees would rather see Southwest Airlines growing, they can also get some comfort that they're working for a company that isn't in financial trouble.
"The recognition that we're not growing right now is in that mix. But everybody's been hurt in this downturn. People have lost value in their homes, in their investments," Kelly said.
"So actually on balance, being part of Southwest Airlines is a very positive thing in people's lives because we have preserved jobs. We've preserved pay. We're going to talk about pay increases for our employees. We haven't cut health benefits, haven't cut retirement," he said.
"I think that more than overcomes the psychic effect of wanting to grow and not being able to grow."
Avondale Partners analyst Bob McAdoo said the airline has to be aware of morale issues that can develop as employees are unable to move up the ladder as quickly, particularly among pilots who are waiting for that big bump in pay as they move from first officer to captain.
"When the company isn't growing, then the guys on the second half of the seniority roster are having to wait for older people to retire before they have a chance to move up to captain," he said.
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