Know your enemy #2
Continental Airlines
Texas Air continued to acquire stakes in airlines. TI was merged into
Los Angeles, California-based
Continental Airlines in June
1982. TI ceased to exist and the new Continental moved its base to
Houston Intercontinental Airport. Lorenzo scored a coup when Texas Air gained majority control Continental on
October 31,
1982. Lorenzo ruthlessly took Continental into
Chapter 11 bankruptcy. Not only were
striking workers forced to return, but the law stipulated immediate cessation of union contracts. A new agreement was then imposed which furloughed a significant proportion of employees, cut the wages of retained employees nearly in half, and added stricter work rules and longer hours.... labor relations afterwards were caustic, and employee morale and customer service suffered.
In
1985, Texas Air attempted a
takeover of
Trans World Airlines. Although TWA's management favored Lorenzo over his rival
Carl Icahn, TWA's unions feared Lorenzo so much that they negotiated special concessions with him, and the Board accepted Icahn's lower offer.
[
edit]
Frontier and People Express
In October of the same year Lorenzo made an offer for a second Denver carrier,
Frontier Airlines, opening up a bidding war with
People Express, headed by his former associate Don Burr.
As with TWA, the unions pushed hard to avoid Lorenzo, and as with Pan Am, People Express won only a
Pyrrhic victory.
It paid a substantial premium for Frontier's high cost operation, funded by debt, and Lorenzo-controlled Continental undercut them sharply.
On
August 24,
1986 People Express filed for bankruptcy, and on
September 15,
1986, People Express and Frontier were added to Texas Air's stable.
On
February 1,
1987, People Express, New York Air, and several commuter carriers were merged into
Continental Airlines and ceased to operate under their own names.
[
edit]
Eastern Air Lines
Meanwhile Lorenzo had also been pushing negotiations with another troubled carrier,
Eastern Air Lines. In an attempt to gain leverage over the unions, Eastern's chairman,
Frank Borman, threatened to sell the airline to Texas Air.
The ploy doubly backfired, however; the unions declared a strike, and Lorenzo was able to acquire Eastern for $615 million, a substantial discount, on
February 24,
1986.
Lorenzo gained a computer reservation system, an extensive new network, and one of the signature names in American aviation, and at the end of 1986 controlled the largest airline company in the world outside the
Soviet Union.
Lorenzo repeated many of his signature tactics. He transferred many of Eastern's assets to Texas Air, including its reservation system and several aircraft, and reorganized the company into divisions that could be sold off, including its
Northeastern air shuttle.
He placed Continental planes — and their non-union pilots — onto Eastern's routes. He failed to gain leverage over the employees, however, and tensions remained high.
When the
International Association of Machinists struck in March 1989, and were joined by both the flight attendants and pilots, Lorenzo pushed Eastern into bankruptcy.
However, he accomplished far less than he had with Continental due to the 1984 reforms. Besides the militancy of Eastern's unions, especially the IAM and its head Charles Bryan, Lorenzo's personal image was low not only among airline workers, but in the general public.
President
George H. W. Bush did not act on a National Mediation Board recommendation to appoint a presidential emergency board to attempt to settle the strike.
Ultimately, Judge Burton Lifland, overseeing the bankruptcy case, ruled Lorenzo "unfit" to run the airline and named Martin Shugrue as its trustee. In 1990 Lorenzo sold his personal investments to
Scandinavian Airlines System and also resigned as CEO of Continental, shortly before that airline filed for its second bankruptcy inside of a decade.
Having sold off its shuttle to
Donald Trump (refitted and redubbed the
Trump Shuttle) as well as routes, gates, and aircraft, Eastern was ignominiously liquidated in 1991. Texas Air was renamed
Continental Airlines Holdings, Inc. to reflect its primary remaining subsidiary.
In the same year,
American Broadcasting Corporation News anchor
Barbara Walters called Lorenzo "the most hated man in America."
In 1993 Lorenzo tried to found a new airline, but the
United States Department of Transportation did not allow him to do so.