Ground school
You have to attend ground school. You need to be told how the company operates, how to figure alternates, when to turn off the "fasten seatbelt" sign, and how many passengers you can take in 95-degree weather. That’s the easy part. But you also have to know all the airplane’s numbers and systems—wingspan, max takeoff weight, number of generators, how to run the pressurization, how to program the FMS, and so on.
"I swore—honest—I would never subject myself to another trip to that torture chamber."
This may be your first airline training event. Maybe you don’t know what you’re in store for. Or you may be the grizzled old veteran who has been there and done that many, many times. Either way, chances are that you’re a bit apprehensive.
The best thing you can do for yourself is to study in advance. Assuming you don’t get thrown to the wolves, er, I mean sent to training with no notice, you probably will have several weeks or even more with which to spend countless hours pawing through the books. Important things to read are the
Operations Manual, the
Flight Standards Manual, the federal aviation regulations,the
Airman’s Information Manual, the aircraft’s systems books, and last but not least, the Jeppesen charts, over which all of us could use a little review, I’m sure.
If management won’t give you the systems book or the airplane’s FSM, pressure them, borrow a copy from another pilot—do whatever it takes. But get the books. Study. Prepare. Learn.
Show up for the first day of class knowing at least the following—limitations, memory items, and profiles.
About memory items, if you are lucky enough to be training for an airplane that uses something called a QRC (quick reference checklist), then you will have few or no memory items to learn. Relying on your memory in an emergency situation, while quick, lacks accuracy. When all the emergency checklists are printed out on one page and placed in the airplane within easy reach of the pilots, checklist accuracy increases dramatically. The only thing that is affected is the speed at which the checklist is performed. That is not necessarily a bad thing. More on checklist speed later.
To study memory items, most people use a stack of 3 x 5 cards, writing down the name of the checklist on one side and each operation of the checklist on the other. They spend hours holding a card against their chest, looking at the ceiling, and saying, "affected fire switch, push; affected thrust lever, idle and confirm; affected thrust lever, confirm and shut off," etc. This is the way it’s done. It seems tedious, which it is, and overwhelming, which it’s not. You’ll be surprised how little time you need to place all the memory items in your head well enough so that you can regurgitate them on command. However, here’s a little advice:
Practice the memory items while doing something else.
Because the time a memory item will be used is a time of emergency, urgency, and excitement, what normally happens is that we find ourselves so caught up in the fact that the red engine fire light on the glare shield in front of us is ON that we forget what we’re supposed to do about it. Practice reciting the memory items while watching TV or walking through the park (not out loud in public; people will stare). If you can recite a long complex memory item with lightning speed while watching "Baywatch" reruns, then you should be able to handle doing so in the simulator.
Before you get to ground school, you should know all sections of the Operations Manual and pertinent FARs. Because much of the ground school will be spent on these subjects, knowing as much as possible beforehand will be to your benefit. Think you already know these subjects? Been tested on them for years? Study anyway. You’ll be surprised how much you don’t remember.
As you spend your time in class, make sure you fully understand everything that is being covered. Nothing is worse than showing up at the oral and not knowing some vital aspect of, say, the airplane’s weight and balance procedures. If you don’t understand something, ask. Instructors are there to teach you whether they believe that to be the case or not. Most of them do; some of them don’t. Some ground instructors only go through the motions, while some actually put their heart into the class and want you not only to learn, but also to enjoy it in the process. If you get one of the latter, you’re in luck. If you get the former, well, I hope you like reading on your own.
Regardless of what kind of instructor happens to be teaching your class, you are responsible for ensuring that you know the material.
If you have questions, ask the instructor, or another instructor, or pilots who fly the airplane, or other members of the class. Remember, the only stupid questions are those that aren’t asked.
Remember that the result of ground school must be successful completion of the oral exam. Over-prepare yourself for this and don’t simply hope that the examiner won’t ask a question in an area you are weak on. Be prepared!
As you get closer and closer to the oral, wondering what will be asked is natural. Do your homework. Talk to others who have been through training to see what they were asked.
All orals have some common subject areas—memory items, limitations, performance, weight and balance, FAR Part 121 regulations, and of course, aircraft systems.
Search around for that list or lists of oral questions that floats around every airline. Some enterprising individual before you has put together a list of hundreds of previously asked questions, and that list is undoubtedly available if you look for it. Don’t assume that those are the only questions that will be asked, but they will give you a good idea of the scope and depth of the material you need to learn.
Along with the oral question lists, you’ll undoubtedly find a plethora of "cheat sheets" that people have put together to help themselves in the learning process. Thanks to the advent of the personal computer, every pilot seems to have become a publishing wizard, eager to provide question cards, cheat sheets, and other study aids to fellow pilots. I suppose I’m no exception because I’m writing this for the same purpose.
Regardless, take all cheat sheets with a grain of salt. The only truly accurate information (supposedly, anyway) comes from the official documents of the airline and the FAA. Whatever you do, don’t (for example) ignore the Limitations section of the
Flight Standards Manual and study only some stranger’s cheat sheet. The numbers you learn may be not only outdated and incomplete but flat out wrong, as well.
With any luck, your airline’s training department has realistic expectations of you and doesn’t turn the oral into a cruel aviation version of Trivial Pursuit with each pilot. Hopefully, the days of asking, "What is the nosewheel tire pressure?" or "How many watts is the taxi light?" are over. Remember, each airline has material that’s need to know, nice to know, and trivia. Hopefully, you will be asked little trivia.
When the time comes to take the oral, don’t fall into one of two dangerous traps:
• Don’t nominate yourself for the "Golden Shovel Award"—don’t keep babbling on and on when answering a question. You may say something incorrect that will cause the examiner to ask questions that probe deeper. Answer a question with a short but complete answer. Don’t offer opinions, or speculate on the intent of a policy, or say what you’d "really" do. Just say the right thing and stop.
• Don’t answer every question with a short, one-word answer. An examiner who has to ask four questions just to find the answer to the first one will likely get irritated and start finding harder and harder questions to ask.
No oral would be complete without a few questions for which you just don’t know the answer. You are playing a game with the examiner, who has to prove to you somehow that he or she is the authority. Expect a few questions that you can’t answer. Some examiners will keep asking you questions until they find something you don’t know, because they want to feel like they’ve taught you something. Let them. Don’t argue with an examiner!
When you do come to a question that you don’t know the answer to, don’t try to BS your way through it. Most examiners will allow you to look up answers in the books and references that you’d normally have with you on the line. If told that this is acceptable, don’t hesitate to look things up. No one, unless that person possesses a photographic memory, can remember everything.
If you do plan on looking up an answer, make sure you know where to find it! Few things are more irritating when giving an oral than having the student take 20 minutes trying to find the answer to a question. If you don’t know the answer and don’t know where to find it, say so. Examiners would much rather hear "I don’t know" than have their time and yours wasted by fruitless searching through your manuals.
On the flip side of that, don’t look up the answer to every question. The examiner has to see that you know something!
"And it didn't take very long for me to fall in love with my Fabulous Little Sweetheart. I got really comfortable."