TCE's are not only for simulators. They can do checkrides in airplanes associated with a training center.
I'm not sure that there is an legal matter preventing a TCE from giving an ATP, its probably just whatever they were qualifed to do when they took the TCE checkride with the FAA.
I know several TCEs who are qualified to give private, commercial, and instrument checkrides in airplanes at a training center.
Typically a TCE is a designee and a check airman with rights to give type rating/ATP checks and training in sims. or airplanes for several airlines. As an example Boeing and Airbus have TCEs that will train pilots for a new customer on a new aircraft.
TCE is a relatively new FAA term. It was introduced to bridge the gap between the traditional designee program or in-house 135 or 121 check airman and the examiner program needed for PART 142. (142 is usually a center who gives type ratings and required training for airlines and corporate jet operators).
It can be confusing because a TCE can hold various levels of authorization. The most common authorizations are: PPE (Pilot Proficiency Examiner), DPE (Designated Pilot Examiner), and Check Airman which might have 61, 135 and 121 authorizations. A TCE may also be authorized for Category II and III and progressive checks. As pilot 141 explains it must be done under a 142 center and check airman work must also be approved by each airline’s POI.
80/20 has it right. A TCE is a Training Center Evaluator. He can have various levels of authority. 61.58 examineer, part 135 examineer, CAT II certification authority, etc. His authority is limited to activities as a center employee.
He can also have aircraft authority, although that is mostly limited to single pilot checks and things like that. With level D simulators and SOE restrictions the need for aircraft flight checks are few.
In the larger jets (i.e. G2 - GV) none of the TCEs need aircraft authority.
With full type checks being done in the sim as well as initial ATPs, there just is no reason to do an aircraft check. The first time I flew a GV I had passengers in the back.
Sorry not sure I answered your question. Aircraft authority is the designation to do certin checking in the aircraft. Most TCEs only do checks in the simulator.
By the way 80/20 I see you are a TRE, very different rules in the JAA. Sim checks still require aircraft flight for I think 3 landings By your quals I assume you work for a center
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