Depending on the FAR/AIM you have (publisher that is) try looking in the index under alterations, and it will give you several areas to look at it. You may find what you are looking for in
Maintenance means inspection, overhaul, repair, preservation, and
the replacement of parts, but excludes preventive maintenance.
Major alteration means an alteration not listed in the aircraft,
aircraft engine, or propeller specifications--
(1) That might appreciably affect weight, balance, structural
strength, performance, powerplant operation, flight characteristics, or
other qualities affecting airworthiness; or
(2) That is not done according to accepted practices or cannot be
done by elementary operations.
Major repair means a repair:
(1) That, if improperly done, might appreciably affect weight,
balance, structural strength, performance, powerplant operation, flight
characteristics, or other qualities affecting airworthiness; or
(2) That is not done according to accepted practices or cannot be
done by elementary operations.
Minor alteration means an alteration other than a major alteration.
Minor repair means a repair other than a major repair.
14 CFR 43.2 spells out the criteria for identification of a part as either overhauled or rebuilt.
The term new is not specified; it means new. Not used. Not rebuilt. New. Really quite self explainatory, and where not defined, falls to the standard English definition.
A servicable part is determined by testing, or by certification by the removing authority. Servicability is subjective to both the functional use of the part, and the approved data specified for the aircraft or component. A component may be servicable with respect to function, but unservicable by limit of cycles, hours, etc. It may meet all criteria, but be no longer servicable by AD, or modifications to the aircraft or appliance using that component. One must consider both the application and the relevant approvals and published data concerning the component, and the application.
No general definition with respect to regulation exists, for the purpose of determining part acceptability.
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