OK, here goes.... I am going to give you the Pro's & Con's of Corporate..... I can't speak for the airlines firsthand as I have never worked for them, only what I know from people who work/worked for them.... I am 34 years old and have done the CFI thing, Charter (Part 135) and Corporate (Fortune 500)....
I'll address your questions in the order you inquired....
1. Pay: You are right, you probably aren't gonna make $300k at a Corporate Operator, but then again how many of the airline guys are either? Maybe the top 5% near retirement at the largest Majors? You will start out much higher in the first few years of pay at a good Corporation (our guys start first year at $72k-$75k)... but you will max out lower than some of the airlines... typically max pay is around $150-$160k for a line Captain (non-management position) probably comparable to an SWA Senior Capt.... if you end up as Department Manager or Chief Pilot it can be considerably more ($200k-$250k+).
2. Equipment: I have to agree with you... Corporate hands down... The CEO's & Presidents don't want to be riding around in ancient beat up planes... Typically good Corporate operators replace their fleets every 10 years or so... My companies fleet is all glass, the 900EX's have Heads-Up Displays, auto-throttles, CAT IIIa capabilty and the pax areas are plushly configured and everything is meticulously maintained.... the only reason we ever use an MEL is to get home if we don't have time to get something fixed on the road (that is MEL-able of course). We never dispatch from home base with inop items... even pax convienience items... Think of an airliner as a City Bus (you pay your money, you get to ride, no matter who you are) and that bus is there to make money, if it isn't flying it isn't generating revenue, if they can fly (legally) with something broke, they probably will (over cancelling the flight)... Now think of a Corporate airplane as a Personal Limosine (If you don't own it, you aren't riding in it! No bubble gum on the floor either!)... The Corporate airplane is there to safely transport high level company officials who have earned and are used to the convienience, security and privacy of a private plane. If something is broke, the boss wants it fixed, pronto!
3. Home at nights: Again I agree with you... from what I understand at the airlines if you are real senior you can bid the real good schedules... if your are junior, or junior on an airframe... you are going to get reserve or the crummy schedules... Corporate can vary greatly depending on the company you work for.... Typically the Fortune 500 companies use their planes for 99% business, generally these execs want to be home at night with their families too.... It is not uncommon for us to fly from the Midwest to the west coast, wait 3-4 hours and fly home in the same day... Duty day ends up being 13-14 hours and you wake up and go to sleep in your own bed... I average 3-5 nights a month in a hotel. If I do a lot of International Travel that number goes up slightly. I average 10-14 days of work per month. I am on salary so I get paid the same if I work 2 days in a month (which I have) or 14 days. As far as being on call.... At my company all trips are scheduled in advance, we generally know our trips at least a few days if not weeks in advance... Our dispatch is only open Mon-Fri 8-5 so if they aren't open they can't call you.... This factor can vary greatly from company to company...
4. Stability: A tough one.... before September 11, I would have said most of the large Major Airlines would have been more stable... but since I now have a bunch of friends who are furloughed from various major airlines... I can't say I agree... And also your statement "corporate depts are the first thing to go during recessions" that had more validity before Sept. 11.... Many corporations have realized the value in the added security, convienience and privacy of private planes... Many companies who may have considered downsizing before Sept. 11 changed their mind after all of the recent airline security issues and so forth. Airlines will never be as secure as a private plane, simply because the airlines allow the general public onboard, corporate planes do not. All the metal detectors in the world can't scan for a terrorists will to die.... and as Sept. 11 showed, that is the only weapon they really need...
5. Medical Requirements & Retirement age: This will vary from company to company... My company requires a First Class Medical, but only once per year (so 1/2 the year technically we are on 2nd class medicals) BUT on the opposing 6 months we go through a Company Executive physical which is way more thorough than any FAA Medical I have ever receieved. I guess you could look at it this way, our insurance company only requires the Class 2 medical, so if you couldn't obtain the Class 1 you could still work... Part 91 doesn't require the Class 1 like Part 121 does for Captain. Our company has a retirement age of 65 for the pilots, BUT they have been known to make it VERY lucrative for a pilot to retire when he reaches 60 (so in essence, they can't make you retire, but you would be dumb not too, financially)... As far as benefits, we get a Pension, Matching 401k, Life Insurance, Full Health Insurance (Health, vision, dental, etc..), Bonus Program, Stock Purchase Program (options), paid vacation, tuition reimbursment, credit union, etc...
Well I hope this helps.... Unfortunately, Corporate Operators can vary greatly... I can only speak for my company, whom I have been with for 5 years... And as far as my background, I have a 4 year degree and all the other requirements for the Majors... I just chose the Corporate route because it seemed like the thing for me... and I love it!
Good Luck!